There's a great book called the "Synthetic Philosophy of Contemporary Mathematics" by Prof. Fernando Zalamea that came out a few years ago. I've read about half and would highly recommend.
It's intention is not so much to clarify mathematics for mathematicians but to clarify contemporary advances in mathematics to mathematical philosophers. In a sense, it distills and analogizes contemporary mathematics into "intuitive" nuggets that can be used in a philosophical sense.
I would recommend it. There are also some interesting discussions on the n-category café.
https://www.amazon.com/Synthetic-Philosophy-Contemporary-Mathematics-Fernando/dp/0956775012
Furthermore, work done by Ricardo and David Nirenberg on these aspects, e.g.: http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/uploads/pdf/nirenbergs_badiousnumber_complete.pdf